This chapter situates the Artificial Intelligence revolution within the long history of techno-scientific development, arguing that AI represents not a radical rupture but the latest qualitative threshold in a cumulative, cooperative, and uneven human enterprise. Drawing on historical materialism, it traces the dialectical continuity from stone tools through industrial revolutions to contemporary computational systems. It maps AI’s expanding empirical footprint across software, biology, education, military, and media, while critically examining its concentration within state-corporate power. The chapter concludes that comprehending AI’s polycrisis demands a transdisciplinary epistemology capable of grasping its multiple determinations as a contradictory, contested, and open-ended totality.
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